----------------------- Additional Related Work ----------------------- % http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/642611.642644 @inproceedings{zhai2003, author = {Shumin Zhai and St\'{e}phane Conversy and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and Yves Guiard}, title = {Human On-line Response to Target Expansion}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CHI 2003 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = 2003, pages = {177--184}, } % http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/985921.986037 @inproceedings{miniotas2004, author = {Darius Miniotas and Oleg \v{S}pakov and I. Scott MacKenzie}, title = {Eye Gaze Interaction with Expanding Targets}, booktitle = {Extended abstracts of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = 2004, pages = {1255--1258} } @article{keyson1997, author = {David V. Keyson}, title = {Dynamic cursor gain and tactual feedback in the capture of cursor movements}, journal = {Ergonomics}, year = 1997, volume = 40, number = 12, pages = {1287--1298} } % http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/258549.258724 @inproceedings{worden1997, author = {Aileen Worden and Neff Walker and Krishna Bharat and Scott Hudson}, title = {Making Computers Easier for Older Adults to Use: Area Cursors and Sticky Icons}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CHI 1997 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = 1997, pages = {266--271}, } % flick gesture @inproceedings{dulberg1999, author = {Martin S. Dulberg and Robert St. Amant and Luke S. Zettlemoyer}, title = {An Imprecise Mouse Gesture for the Fast Activation of Controls}, booktitle = {Proceedings of INTERACT '99}, year = 1999, pages = {375--382} } @inproceedings{baudisch2003, author = {Patrick Baudisch and Edward Cutrell and Dan Robbins and Mary Czerwinski and Peter Tandler and Benjamin Bederson and Alex Zierlinger}, title = {Drag-and-Pop and Drag-and-Pick: Techniques for Accessing Remote Screen Content on Touch- and Pen-operated Systems}, booktitle = {Proceedings of INTERACT 2003}, location = {Zurich, Switzerland}, month = {August}, year = 2003, pages = {57--64} } % http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/~andy/papers/smallTargets.pdf % Note that blanch2004 references this as being in % "proceedings of HCI 2003" @inproceedings{cockburn2003, author = {Andy Cockburn and Andrew Firth}, title = {Improving the Acquisition of Small Targets}, booktitle = {People and Computers XVII: British Computer Society Conference on Human Computer Interaction}, location={Bath, England}, year = 2003, pages = {181--196} } % http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/985692.985758 @inproceedings{blanch2004, author = {Renaud Blanch and Yves Guiard and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon}, title = {Semantic Pointing: Improving Target Acquisition with Control-Display Ratio Adaptation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CHI 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = 2004, pages = {519--526}, } % http://www.graphicsinterface.org/ @inproceedings{guiard2004, author = {Yves Guiard and Renaud Blanch and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon}, title = {Object Pointing: A Complement to Bitmap Pointing in {GUIs}}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Graphics Interface (GI) 2004}, year = 2004, pages = {9--16}, publisher = {Canadian Human-Computer Communications Society} } % http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/dasher/ % http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354401.354427 @inproceedings{ward2000, author = {David J. Ward and Alan F. Blackwell and David J. C. MacKay}, title = {Dasher --- a data entry interface using continuous gestures and language models}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology}, year = 2000, pages = {129--137} } (gutwin2003 might be of interest with regard to the "use of transparency" mentioned in section 4.2.2 on page 39 of my master's thesis) % http://www.graphicsinterface.org/ @inproceedings{gutwin2003, author = {Carl Gutwin and Jeff Dyck and Chris Fedak}, title = {The Effects of Dynamic Transparency on Targeting Performance}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Graphics Interface (GI) 2003}, year = 2003, pages = {105--112}, organization = {CIPS, Canadian Human-Computer Commnication Society} } (mould2004 is of interest with respect to section 2.5 of my master's thesis) % http://www.graphicsinterface.org/ @inproceedings{mould2004, author = {David Mould and Carl Gutwin}, title = {The Effects of Feedback on Targeting with Multiple Moving Targets}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Graphics Interface (GI) 2004}, year = 2004, organization = {CIPS, Canadian Human-Computer Commnication Society} } --------- Omissions --------- - In the acknowledgements, I failed to thank Carl Gutwin for useful discussion. I also failed to thank Simone Maillard for tracking down two references that were later used in my literature survey. - Chapter 2: The following David E. Meyer, J. E. Keith Smith, Sylvan Kornblum, Richard A. Abrams, Charles E. Wright (1990). Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Aimed Movements: Toward a Theory of Rapid Voluntary Action. In M. Jeannerod (Ed.), Attention and Performance XIII (pp. 173-226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. @incollection{meyer1990, author = {David E. Meyer and J. E. Keith Smith and Sylvan Kornblum and Richard A. Abrams and Charles E. Wright}, title = {Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Aimed Movements: Toward a Theory of Rapid Voluntary Action}, booktitle = {Attention and Performance XIII}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, year = 1990, editor = {M. Jeannerod}, pages = {173--226}, address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, note = {http://www.umich.edu/\~{}bcalab/Meyer\_Bibliography.html} } is not referenced, but contains an excellent "Historical Survey" section (pp. 179-201) which, had I been aware of it, would have significantly informed the writing of chapter 2 of my thesis. Other related works are Meyer, Abrams, Kornblum, Wright, and Smith (1988), which is referenced in my thesis, and David E. Meyer, J. E. Keith Smith, Charles E. Wright (1982), Models for the Speed and Accuracy of Aimed Movements, Psychological Review, vol. 89, number 5, September 1982, pp. 449--482 Online copies of all 3 articles by Meyer et al. are at http://www.umich.edu/~bcalab/Meyer_Bibliography.html - Chapter 2, p. 4, last paragraph: I list many situations in which Fitts' law applies. I failed to mention that Fitts' law also models scrolling tasks (See Hinkley et al., CHI 2002) - Section 2.2, p. 6: another good reference for Shannon's Theorem 17 is C. E. Shannon, A mathematical theory of communication, Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379--423 and 623--656, July and October, 1948. - Section 2.2, p. 9: Actually, the Shannon formulation is not the only way to make Fitts' law exactly mimic the Shannon-Hartley theorem. Fitts' original formulation (equation 2.4 in my thesis) can also be made to mimic the Shannon-Hartley theorem, if we let A = S + N, and W = 2N. For more on this, see pp. 190-191 of Meyer et al. (1990) (reference given elsewhere in this document). - Section 2.2, p. 10: a "discrete response model" is mentioned here, from which Fitts' law can be derived. The same model, with derivation, is given on pp. 51--53 of Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, Allen Newell (1983) The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction @book{card1983, author={Stuart K. Card and Thomas P. Moran and Allen Newell}, title={The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction}, year=1983, publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum} } - Section 2.3.1, p. 12: In a task where the user clicks on a sequence of buttons, I show how the total time should be approximately independant of the number of bits transmitted by each button, depending instead on the total number of bits transmitted. Some previous work not mentioned which makes essentially the same observation is @inproceedings{landauer1985, author = {T. K. Landauer and D. W. Nachbar}, title = {Selection From Alphabetic and Numeric Menu Trees Using a Touch Screen: Breadth, Depth, and Width}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CHI 1985 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = 1985, pages = {73--78} } On the 3rd page of Landauer and Nachbar's paper, they point out that "The log relation has an interesting property" and then show that time, in the context of the task described in their paper, should be approximately independant of the branching factor in a menu. The mathematical simplification used by Landauer and Nachbar is equivalent to the one made in section 2.3.1 of my master's thesis. - Section 2.8: I survey some research involving use of Fitts' law in optimization. Another piece of work that could have been referenced here is Shumin Zhai, Michael Hunter, Barton A. Smith Performance Optimization of Virtual Keyboards Human-Computer Interaction Vol. 17 2002 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. - Section 4.2.3: the Shrinking Targets design presented here might be thought of as a kind of dynamic version of "fittsizing", which is described in % http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/97243.97277 @inproceedings{walker1990, author = {Neff Walker and John B. Smelcer}, title = {A Comparison of Selection Times from Walking and Pull-Down Menus}, booktitle = {Proceedings of ACM CHI 1990 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, year = 1990, pages = {221--225} } - Section 4.2.4, bottom of p. 43: it is suggested here that the visual feedback of expansion, without expansion in the motor domain, may aid selection. Of interest here is @article{akamatsu1995, author = {Motoyuki Akamatsu and I. Scott MacKenzie and Thierry Hasbroucq}, title = {A comparison of tactile, auditory, and visual feedback in a pointing task using a mouse-type device}, journal = {Ergonomics}, year = 1995, volume = 38, number = 4, pages = {816--827}, } - The Woodworth [79] reference is more completely given as Robert Sessions Woodworth The Accuracy of Voluntary Movement The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements a.k.a. Psychological Monographs Volume 3 Number 2 (Whole Number 13) July 1899 pp. 1-114 ------ Errata ------ - section 2.3.1, p. 11, 2nd paragraph, 1st sentence: "labelled with the binary integers 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, ..." should be changed to "labelled with the binary strings 0, 1, 00, 01, 10, 11, 000, 001, ...". Also, the caption for Figure 2.4 should read "sequence of buttons enumerating all binary strings of finite length", not "sequence of buttons enumerating all binary integers". (Thanks to reviewer #2 of TOCHI submission 03-06-0 for pointing out this problem.) - due to a typo in the .bib file, the reference to Munzner 1997 [51] is missing the "booktitle", i.e. the name of the conference proceedings, which should be Proceedings of InfoVis '97 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization ----- Typos ----- - p. 9, 2nd last paragraph: the 2nd sentence is incomplete. The period after the first sentence should be replaced with a colon. - p. 13, end of 7th line: the word "the" appears twice consecutively - section 4.2.1, p. 39, 1st sentence: the word "of" is missing in "... out [of] the way." - p. 42, 2nd last paragraph: "considerable larger" should be "considerably larger" - section 4.3.1, p. 44, 2nd line: the word "the" appears twice consecutively - p. 53, 1st sentence: "Or goal" should be "Our goal" - reference 45: the tilde (~) character in the URL should precede "mjmcguff"